LOA-RPL: Novel Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for the Internet of Things Using Lion Optimization Algorithm to Maximize Network Lifetime

Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things (IoT) because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices. Clustering an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data. In clustering protocol, selection cluster head (CH) plays key role prolonging lifetime network. However, most cluster-based protocols, including routing protocols low-power and lossy networks (RPLs), have used fuzzy logic probabilistic approaches to select CH node. Consequently, early battery depletion produced near sink. To overcome this issue, lion optimization algorithm (LOA) selecting RPL proposed study. LOA-RPL comprises three processes: formation, selection, route establishment. A formed using Euclidean distance. performed LOA. Route establishment implemented residual information. An extensive simulation conducted network simulator ns-3 on various parameters, such as lifetime, power consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput. The performance also compared with those RPL, rule-based energy-efficient immune-inspired (FEEC-IIR), scheme that uses shuffled frog-leaping (RISA-RPL). evaluation metrics study are PDR, increases 20% PDR 5%–10% FEEC-IIR, RISA-RPL. other similar protocols.